Many concussions that require emergency treatment are because of falls, motor vehicle accidents, assaults, and sports injuries. Children, young adults, active military personnel, and older adults are at especially high risk for concussions, and it may take them longer to recover after a concussion. People who have had concussions before are more likely to have them again.

These are symptoms of a possible concussion:

• Headache
• Vomiting or nausea
• Trouble thinking normally
• Memory problems
• Trouble walking
• Dizziness
• Vision problems
• Severe tiredness (fatigue)
• Mood changes
• Changes in sleep patterns

These symptoms may occur right away or may worsen over minutes or hours after an injury. Symptoms may be stable or improve with various lengths of time.

To diagnose a concussion, your healthcare provider will likely ask you a variety of questions. Be sure to say if you lost consciousness and report any other symptoms. The provider will also want to know how the injury occurred and where you hit your head.

You may also be asked questions to test your memory and asked to do certain tasks to show how well your brain is working. Your healthcare provider may also ask your friends or family questions about your symptoms and the injury.

You may also need imaging tests of your brain, such as a CT scan or MRI. Neuropsychological testing can detect problems with memory and other brain functions.                                                     

An important part of treatment for a concussion is getting plenty of rest, both sleep at night and naps or rest breaks during the day if needed. Your healthcare provider will likely tell you to not do certain physical activities and sports while you recover. They may advise medicine to take if you have a headache. It's important to prevent more head trauma, especially as you recover.

If your symptoms don't go away in a few days or if they get worse, you should call a healthcare provider who specializes in concussions. You may need medicines, physical therapy, or other treatments for residual symptoms, such as headache, dizziness, or balance problems.

Here are some things you can do to help reduce your risk for a concussion or prevent it in your children:

• Wear a seat belt every time you're in a motor vehicle.
• Make sure your children use the correct safety seat, booster seat, or seat belt.
• Never drive under the influence of illegal drugs or alcohol, or ride with a driver who is under the influence. 
• Wear a helmet for activities such as riding a bike or motorcycle, playing contact sports, skiing, horseback riding, and snowboarding.
• Reduce your risk for falls by eliminating clutter in your home, removing slippery area rugs, and installing grab bars in the bathroom if needed, especially for older adults.
• Never work on a ladder if you feel dizzy or lightheaded. Alcohol can make you dizzy. Some medicines also can make you dizzy or affect your balance.
• Have your vision checked at least once a year. Poor vision can increase your risk for falls and other types of accidents.

After a concussion, your healthcare provider may decide to watch you in the emergency room. When you’re released, the provider may want someone to stay with you at home for a day or 2 to keep track of your condition. Follow your provider’s directions about not taking part in sports, physical education classes, and activities such as running and biking while you are recovering.

Limit activities that require you to concentrate heavily. This includes taking tests if you are in school or doing tasks at work that require intense focus. You may also need to take rest breaks during the day. As your symptoms go away, you may be able to go back to your normal activities. The time it takes to recover from a concussion can vary from weeks to months. In rare cases, symptoms can last for years.

If you have symptoms or problems that last more than 3 months, you may have a problem called postconcussion syndrome. Discuss this possibility with your healthcare provider.