The cause of endometriosis is not clear. It may be that during a woman’s period, some of the tissue backs up through the fallopian tubes into the belly. These cells can implant in the pelvis or be transported through the bloodstream or lymphatics to other parts of the body. Another theory suggests genes are to blame resulting in cells transforming into endometrial tissue. Current research is also looking at the role of the immune system.

Any woman may develop endometriosis, but the following women seem to be at an increased risk for the disease:

• Women who have a mother, sister, or daughter with the disease
• Women who gave birth for the first time after age 30
• White women
• Women with an abnormal uterus

Each woman may experience symptoms differently, but these are the most common symptoms:

• Pain and cramps that may be felt in the belly or lower back during your period
• Pain during sex
• Abnormal or heavy menstrual flow
• Infertility
• Fatigue
• Painful urination during your periods
• Painful bowel movements during your periods
• Other digestive problems, such as diarrhea, constipation, or nausea

The amount of pain a woman has isn’t always related to the severity of the disease. Some women with severe disease may have no pain. Other women with a milder form of the disease may have severe pain or other symptoms.

First, your healthcare provider will review your health history. You will also have a physical exam and a pelvic exam.

A laparoscopy is done to diagnose endometriosis. This uses a thin tube with a lens and a light at the end. It’s inserted into an incision in the abdominal wall to see into the pelvic area. The healthcare provider can often find the locations, extent, and size of the misplaced tissue.

Other tests may include:

• Biopsy. For this test, a small tissue sample is removed from the body and looked at.
• Ultrasound. This imaging test uses high-frequency sound waves to create an image of the organs.
• CT scan. This is an imaging test that uses X-rays and a computer to make detailed images of the body. A CT scan shows details of the bones, muscles, fat, and organs. It can find problems that may not show up on an ordinary X-ray.
• MRI. This imaging test uses a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer to make detailed images of organs or tissue.

Your healthcare provider will consider your age, overall health, symptoms and other factors when advising what treatment is best for you. Whether you hope to become pregnant will also play a role in your choices.

Treatment choices include medicine, surgery, or both. If symptoms are mild, you may only need pain medicine. In other cases, hormone-based medicine, such as birth control pills, will stop ovulation and slow endometriosis.

Several choices can be used to remove the implants. Healthcare providers may be able to remove abnormal tissue growths using a laparoscope. In other cases, open surgery is needed. Surgery to remove the uterus (hysterectomy) is also a choice.

Endometriosis can make it very hard or impossible for a woman to get pregnant. Sometimes surgery can help. But, in a few cases, women may remain infertile.

Simple steps that can help ease the pain of endometriosis include:

• Rest, relaxation, and meditation
• Warm baths
• Prevent constipation
• Regular exercise
• Use of hot water bottle or heating pad on your belly