Understanding Dementia
Dementia is the name for a group of
brain conditions that make it harder to remember, reason, and communicate. The most
common
form of dementia is Alzheimer disease. Other types include vascular dementia,
frontotemporal dementia, and Lewy body dementia. Years ago, dementia was often called
“senility.” It was even thought to be a normal part of aging. We now know that it’s
not
normal. It’s caused by ongoing damage to cells in the brain.
Symptoms of dementia
Symptoms differ depending on which parts of the brain are affected and the stage of
the disease. The most common symptoms include:
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Memory loss, including trouble with directions and familiar tasks
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Language problems, such as trouble getting words out or understanding what is said
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Trouble with planning,
problem-solving, organizing, concentration, and judgment. This includes people not
being able to recognize their own symptoms.
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Changes in behavior and personality
How dementia affects the brain
The brain controls all the workings
of the mind and body. Some parts of the brain control memory and language. Other parts
control movement and coordination. With dementia, nerve cells in the brain are gradually
damaged or destroyed. In many cases, why this happens is not yet clear. But over time,
parts of the brain begin to shrink (atrophy). This often starts in the part of the
brain
that controls memory, reasoning, and personality. Other parts of the brain may not
be
affected until much later in the illness.
The stages of dementia
Dementia is a progressive disease. This means it gets worse over time. Symptoms differ
for each person, but there are 3 basic stages. Each may last from months to years:
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Early stage. A person may
seem forgetful, confused, or have changes in behavior. But they may still be able
to handle most tasks without help.
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Middle stage. More and more
help is needed with daily tasks. A person may have trouble recognizing friends and
family members, wander, or get lost in familiar places. They may also become
restless or moody.
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Late stage. Dementia can
cause severe problems with memory, judgment, and other skills. Help is needed with
nearly every aspect of daily life.
Treating dementia
Right now, there’s no cure for dementia. But with proper care, many people can live
comfortably for years:
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Medicines are a key part of treatment. Some types can help slow the progression of
symptoms, such as memory loss. Others can help ease mood, behavior, and sleep problems.
These medicines work for some people but not all.
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Activity and exercise are good for body and mind. They may even help slow the progression
of the disease. Simple, repetitive activities are good choices.
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Regular healthcare provider visits help keep track of symptoms and overall health.
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The sleep-wake cycle can be mixed up in people with dementia. They may function better
being up at nighttime and sleeping during the daytime.
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Social interactions are
important to maintain. Educate family members and friends about dementia. Plan
social situations so they are not stressful to the person. Limit the number of
visitors or the length of the visit.